Finno-Ugric World

Erik A. Yuzykayn,
PhD student {Ethnology, Cultural Studies},
University of Tartu;
Director of Mari National Drama Theatre named after M. Shketan
(Ioshkar-Ola, Russia), erik.yuzykayn@gmail.com

Introduction. Alongside with other cultural initiatives, the development of the theatre movement as a forerunner of the creation of the Mari national theatre was the result of the development of Mari cultural nationalism in the early twentieth century. The purpose of this article is to consider the facts of the prehistory of the creation of the Mari national theatre, which was set up in November 1919, and the factors that influenced the development of the theatre movement among Mari people.
Materials and Methods. To achieve the goals, the author reviewed the first Mari periodicals, research and publications on the history of the Mari theatre and the development of the national movement, and the protocols of the Mari congresses. The systematic analysis of sources for the reviewed period, an attempt to restore events in chronological order allows us to formulate the most objective answers to the research problems.
Results and Discussions. One of the key factors that influenced the development of the Mari theatre movement and interest to the theatre was the movement for the national and cultural education and development of the Mari people, initiated by Mari cultural nationalists that gradually developed since the beginning of the twentieth century. Prehistory of the creation of the Mari national theatre in November 1919 goes back about ten years and it is linked with the publication of the first periodical in the Mari language “Marla calendar”, development of literary creativity in the Mari language, and the first amateur initiatives to stage performances. The climax of this prehistory was the decisions made by the first Mari forums on theatre issues, and the rapid development of interest to the theatre among the people in 1917–1919. Along with this factor, the cultural and social specific features of Mari played an important role: a theatrical tradition in the festive and ritual spheres and the low level of literacy of the people in this period.
Conclusion. The processes of development of modern Mari national culture, began with the publication of “Marla calendars”, were crucial for the entire Mari people. The ideological contradictions that appeared with the development of Soviet power among the Mari intelligentsia did not immediately begin to influence the work of the first Mari playwrights. The supporters of different ideological movements were the colleagues for many years. Although they had disagreements, they acted in a single direction in the development of their native people, in particular in support of the theatre movement. Newspaper publications and increased dramatic creativity clearly indicate that the Mari activists intuitively, and sometimes purposefully, fuelled interest in theatrical creativity, promoted and, thus, preceded the appearance of their own national professional theatre.

Key words: national theatre; Mari; Cheremis; cultural nationalism; Mari drama; Mari theatre; folk theatre; folk drama.

For citation: Yuzykayn EA. Prehistory and prerequisites of the creation of the Mari national theatre (1907–1919). Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2020; 12; 3: 332–343. (In Russian)

Elena N. Lomshina,
Candidate Sc. {Cultural Sciences},
Head of Research Laboratory of Finno-Ugric Culture,
National Research Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), enlomshina@mail.ru

Pavel V. Migunov,
Head of the City Public Organization
“Revival Club of Finno-Ugric military games “Tyushtya”
(Saransk, Russia), tjuschtja@mail.ru

Olga S. Safonkina,
Candidate Sc. {Philosophy}, Associate Рrofessor,
Department of English Philology,
National Research Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), olga.safonkina@gmail.com

Introduction. The article explores the role and place of ethnosport in the national culture as an important factor in returning to authenticity in order to preserve the identity of ethnic groups.
Materials and Methods. The authors pay attention to the theoretical substantiation of ethno-sport as a methodological basis of designing and forecasting the processes of formation and functioning of socio-cultural systems in the conditions of the processes of ethnocultural representations in sports, which are gaining momentum and go beyond the boundaries of places of compact residence of ethnic groups, national states and continents. The authors emphasize that the methodology of studying ethno-sports is of interdisciplinary nature of emerging trends in the area of physical activity in the conditions of globalization processes.
Results and Discussion. The article studies the role and place of traditional games in actualizing the axiological field of Finno-Ugric peoples’ culture in modern society in order to preserve the identity of ethnic groups under conditions of cultural localization. Special attention is paid to the revival of ethnic sports within the traditional holidays of Finno-Ugric peoples. The article emphasizes that ethnosport is based on the moral and ethical views of peoples, expressed in the original festivals described in the works of oral folk art.
Conclusion. Along with the usual performances of folk groups in the framework of folk festivals, traditional games are getting more popular. It is important to note that this approach is quite historic, because the competitive game tradition has served as the cultural core of the national holiday for centuries. Despite the fact that the territories inhabited by Finno-Ugric peoples have different approaches to the revival and maintenance of ethnic sports, in general, Finno-Ugric territories demonstrate a significant interest in this sphere of national identity. Traditional games have become part of the cultural policy of Finno-Ugric republics.

Key words: ethnosports; traditional games; ethnoculture; axiology; Finno-Ugric peoples.

Acknowledgements: The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research as part of the project No. 18-49-130003р_а.

For citation: Lomshina EN, Migunov PV, Safonkina OS. Ethnosport as a way to actualize ethnoculture (on the example of Finno-Ugric peoples). Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2020; 12; 3: 325–331. (In Russian)

Yurii A. Kondratenko,
Doctor of Art Criticism, Head of Department of Theater Art and Folk Art Culture,
National Research Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), yurkondr@gmail.com

Elena N. Antipkina,
Candidate Sc. {Philosophy}, Associate Professor,
Department of Theater Art and Folk Art Culture,
National Research Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), elana19@mail.ru

Introduction. Among the processes that are clearly traced in the modern artistic practices of Mordovia, there is one that draws particular attention – the desire to comprehend folk art in a new way, to actualize the traditional layers of culture within the framework of neo-traditional forms of contemporary art. A folk dance is an example of one of the directions of modern choreography. The purpose of the article is to review the experience of creating choreographic suites in modern dance in Mordovia, based on traditional folklore. This allows studying the techniques of citing traditional forms of folk art in contemporary art and the ways of their actualization.
Materials and Methods. As the main material for studying, this study analyzed the performances of choreographers of Mordovia, working with such modern dance as choreographic suites «Girl-birch» and «Eight Mordovian songs». It was possible to formulate answers to the research tasks as a result of the application of a systematic analysis of sources on this topic, as well as carrying out a comparative analysis of the compositional structures of these choreographic suites, the specific features of the construction of their choreographic texts and work with musical material.
Results and Discussion. The actualization of traditional artistic practices in contemporary art is an experiment and constant search for new ways of expression. Within the framework of one of the neo-traditionalist trends in contemporary art, folk dance, one can observe the way how traditional values are rethought and considered as relevant now, thereby the past becomes part of the modern way of life. In this context, the analysis of the search for a new way of expression within the framework of the suite form is of particular interest. As a result of the analysis of the compositional forms of modern choreographic performances in Mordovia, it revealed two trends in the development of the form of a choreographic suite: a movement along the path of creating a production with non-classical content on the basis of the classical suite structure and an appeal to traditional compositional forms of folk art and filling them with relevant content.
Conclusion. The neo-traditional trend in art is based on the idea that tradition is not only the past of the people, it also exists here and now, our actual present. With the advent of the folk direction in modern choreography, the search for such an actual true tradition has become a unique feature of modern dance in Mordovia. Within the framework of this article, some ways of the development of folk direction were noted, associated with experiments in relation to the form of a choreographic suite and the main trends in the search for the development of the dance form were outlined.

Key words: neo-traditionalism; modern dance; suite form; song and dance form; choreographic suite; round dance form; folk direction in modern choreography.

Acknowledgements: Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ и Правительства Республики Мордовия в рамках научного проекта «Ценностные доминанты финно-угорской культуры и способы их актуализации в современном социуме» (№ 18-49-130003).

For citation: Kondratenko YuA, Antipkina EN. Actualization of traditional art practices in contemporary art of Mordovia (in the context of creating choreographic suites). Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2020; 12; 3: 314–324. (In Russian)

Margarita S. Vykhrystyuk,
Doctor of Philology, Professor, Department of Philological Education,
Tyumen State University
(Tyumen, Russia), margaritavv@mail.ru

Aleksandra A. Mironova,
Doctor of Philology, Professor,
Department of the Russian Language
and Methods of Teaching the Russian Language,
South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University
(Chelyabinsk, Russia), amiron_rus@maul.ru

Tatyana V. Simashko,
Doctor of Philology, Professor,
Department of General and Germanic Linguistics,
Branch of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M. V. Lomonosov
(Severodvinsk, Russia), simashkotv@yandex.ru

Olga V. Bakhlova,
Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor,
Department of General History, Political Science and Area Studies,
National Research Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), olga.bahlova@gmail.com

Igor V. Bakhlov,
Doctor of Political Sciences,
Head of the Department of General History, Political Science and Area Studies,
National Research Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), bahlov@mail.ru

Flera Ya. Khabibullina,
Candidate Sc. {Pedagogy}, Associate Professor,
Departments of Fundamental Medicine,
Mari State University
(Ioshkar-Ola, Russia), khflora@yandex.ru

Iraida G. Ivanova,
Candidate Sc. {Phylology}, Associate Professor,
Departments of Fundamental Medicine,
Mari State University
(Ioshkar-Ola, Russia), iraida44@yandex.ru

Introduction. The article considers anthroponymous toponyms of Tatar origin in the Republic of Mari El in reference to the genesis and history of movement and contact of the peoples of the Middle Volga region. The purpose of the article is to study the Tatar-Mari toponymic zoning based on the otantroponym oikonyms, which go back to the Tatar language.
Materials and Methods. The analysis of toponymic material is associated with the use of various approaches: comparative-historical, comparative, as well as such research methods: the method of component analysis of toponymic units; areal, descriptive, structural, etymological, statistical, cartographic. The body of the research is represented by otanthroponymic oikonyms, selected from cartographic and lexicographic sources created in the Russian, Mari and Tatar languages, in the number of 129 units.
Results and Discussion. The Tatar-Mari interactions on the territory of the Republic of Mari-El are concentrated in two main zones: the Tatar-mountain-Mari toponymic zone and the Tatar-meadow-Mari zone. The article defines the basic principles of the nomination of anthroponymous toponyms, provides a classification of toponyms by objects of the toponymic nomination in each of the topozones, and also highlights parallel names. The analysis also makes it possible to trace the patterns of placement of toponymic objects on the territory of the the Republic of Mari-El. Analysis of the identified borrowings from the Tatar language makes it possible to clarify their territorial localization in the territory of Mari El. Oikonyms formed on the basis of Tatar personal names are most common in areas of compact residence of Tatars, as well as in border areas with the Republic of Tatarstan, due to trade and economic, historical and political, administrative, territorial, and geographical factors. The main principle underlying the Mari otantroponym oikonyms was their nomination based on the relationship with a person: their social status; class affiliation; profession; social interactions; place and role in the family hierarchy; human character; appearance; clothing; qualities of a person; their financial status; etc.
Conclusion. The names of Mari anthroponymous topoobjects of Tatar origin were implemented in importing Tatar values that are significant for the Mari ethnic group and go back to Tatar names: material wealth, high social status, respect for parents and elders, health and strength of body, friendship, kindness, firmness and strength of character, cleanliness and neatness in clothing.

Key words: toponym; anthroponym; oikonym; Tatar language; Mari language; Republic of Mari El; zoning; Tatar-mountain Mari zone; Tatar-meadow Mari zone.

For citation: Khabibullina FYa, Ivanova IG. Anthroponimic geographical names of the Republic of Mari El of Tatar origin: toponymic zones. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2020; 12; 3: 259–285. (In Russian)

Natalya M. Mosina,
Doctor of Philology, Professor, Department of Finno-Ugric Philology,
National Research Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), natamish@rambler.ru

Nina V. Kazaeva,
Candidate Sc. {Philology}, Associate Professor,
Department of Finno-Ugric Philology,
National Research Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), nikazaeva@yandex.ru

Svetlana V. Batina,
Post-graduate student,
National Research Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), sool15@yandex.ru

Maria V. Kosheleva,
Senior lecturer, Department of Baltic-Finnish languages,
Petrozavodsk State University
(Petrozavodsk, Russia), koshelevamasha@bk.ru

Introduction. The feature of the Baltic-Finnish languages is a system of infinitives and infinitive constructions. The article analyzes the syntactic roles of the inessive of the II infinitive, which according to the Baltic-Finnish syntax classification is considered an adverbial construction that characterizes the verb predicate.
Materials and Methods. The analysis is performed using comparative and descriptive methods. The article uses the language dialect material and material of the Veps literary language that has been developing for 30 years, and which writing began to revive in 1989.
Results and Discussion. Semantically the inessive of II infinitive has two main functions: temporal and final. The first one indicates an action that occurs at the same time with the action represented by the main finite verb. The second function indicates the purpose of the action represented by the main verb. At the same time, the final function is purely Vepsian.
Conclusion. Modern Vepsian syntax is the result of development that was caused by the loss of traditional Baltic-Finnish features and taking of some significant features because of the influence of the Russian language.

Key words: the Veps language; syntax; inessive; infinitives; infinitive constructions.

For citation: Kosheleva MV. Syntactic functions of the inessive of II infinitive in the Veps language: dynamics of development. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2020; 12; 3: 242–249. (In Russian)

Tatiana P. Ariskina,
Candidate Sc. {Philology}, Associate Professor, Department of Finno-Ugric Philology,
National Research Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), ariskina82@mail.ru

Introduction. Word building is used to form integral complex words on the basis of two or more simple ones. The initial base can be a group of equal lexical units or a phrase. There are many derivational types of composites, the study of which allows us to trace what trends are manifested in the modern word building system of the language. Topical comparative research in this area contributes to the replenishment of the theoretical base and makes a significant contribution to teaching methods. Within the framework of this article, the following tasks are solved: to establish derivational connections of complex words, to classify composites in the Erzia and Hungarian languages, to identify ways of word formation of complex nouns and the degree of their productivity, to carry out a comparative analysis of derivational formants in Erzia and Hungarian.
Materials and Methods. The material for the research was bilingual dictionaries: Erzia-Russian and Hungarian-Russian. The author used a descriptive method, methods of synchronous analysis, formal semantic and component analysis, historical-comparative and comparative-comparative methods, as well as quantitative analysis.
Results and Discussion. As a result of the analysis of a continuous sampling from the dictionaries, it was found that the share of compound nouns with a compositional connection in both languages is within 20% of the total number of compound nouns. This means that the creation of composites is less productive than the formation of words with a subordinate link. In most cases, the first component in the examples under consideration is a noun, the history of which can be easily traced, in particular by derivational suffixes. In rare cases, the components of a compound word have lost their meaning.
Conclusion. The intensity of the use of word building methods in the modern Erzia and Hungarian languages allow the production of words with a complex structure. The increase of the interest in comparative research indicate the need to study this phenomenon from a historical-comparative standpoint.

Key words: complex words; compound nouns; compositional connection; word-formation model; Erzia language; Hungarian language.

For citation: Ariskina TP. Complex nouns of common type in the Erzia and Hungarian languages. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2020; 12; 3: 230–241. (In Russian)

Anastasiia A. Osmushina,
Candidate Sc. {Philosophy}, Associate Professor,
Department of English Language for Professional Communication,
National Research Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), 98761985@mail.ru

Introduction. The research is determined by the current trends of globalization and the need to build a dialogue of cultures based on justice and giving the priority to the local models of justice. The subject of the research is the model of justice in Moksha and Erzia tales. The purpose of the work is to identify different models of justice of the Moksha and Erzia ethnic groups, their identity and the difference with models of other cultures, to generalize the content of the category of justice in the Mordovian ethnoculture.
Materials and Methods. The research material includes Mordovian folk tales. The method of analysis is applied to identify the models of justice in the studied material. When comparing the similar tales of different cultures, we use the method of comparison and the principle of the reduction of the identities, which detects differences in the similarities; the method of generalization allows us to systematize the results, the method of synthesis lets us draw conclusions. The model of justice in folklore and tales has not been studied much, so the theoretical basis of the research covers the works devoted to the analysis of Mordovian folklore as a whole as well as various studies of the category of justice.
Results and Discussion. The model of Mordovian justice includes collective labor, mutual assistance, collective ownership and self-government, creative work and a decent remuneration, ethnic education, upbringing in the tradition, freedom of the development, the perfectionism and the vertical social mobility, the reward of the virtue and the denunciation of the vice, fair judgment, everyone’s equality in the court, the marriage of the equals, reproduction, the identity and the identification, the unity of the human and the nature. The private ownership of resources, the work that does not save from poverty, unfair courts, restrictions on the freedom of development and education, the abuse of children and women, and the neglect of the elderly are assessed as unfair.
Conclusion. The set of models obtained in accordance with different cultural approaches allows us to obtain a dimensial, complete, systematic image of ethno-cultural justice which provides us a better understanding of the culture of the people. The research has shown that the models of justice in Moksha and Erzia folklore are similar. It has revealed the general content of the Mordovian models of justice, as well as the unique features of the Moksha and Erzia models, their identity and differences with the models of other cultures.

Key words: Mordovian tale; Moksha; Erzia; model of ethnocultural justice; truth; right; equality; labour; ethnos.

For citation: Osmushina AA. The model of justice in Mordovian ethnic tales. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2020; 12; 2: 212–219. (In Russian)

Anna V. Berezina,
Senior lecturer, Department of Social and Humanities Studies,
Ural State Forest Engineering University
(Ekaterinburg, Russia), berezinanna@mai.ru

Introduction. Based on the analysis of the transformation processes of the linguistic culture of the Urals Mari, the article considers how various types of transformations can give a culture a new potential for its development or have a harmful influence on its foundations. With the prognostic goal the work makes an attempt to outline the structure of the model of language transformations, which is tested on the example of the language culture of the Urals Mari.
Materials and Methods. In the framework of cultural interpretation, interviewing, survey and sociological description are applied. Hermeneutical and lingvocultural methods are also used.
Results and Discussion. Historically, it was recorded that the changing of the language culture of the Ural Mari was influenced by proximity to other nations, trading activities, borrowing in material culture. The formation of the Mari alphabet gave a fresh impetus to the development of ethnocultural education. Thus, ethnocultural identity was expressed in writing. The language of the ethnos, perceived visually and thus fixing the achievements of culture, contributed to the awareness of the community of the ethos. Analyzing such borrowings, the author comes to the conclusion about positive transformational processes. Negative transformation processes are associated by the author with the mass culture and the loss of ethnocultural values. Mass culture comes along with the loss of traditional types of employment, together with the termination of the study of the language of the ethnic group in the education system.
Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that the developing the regions of the Urals Mari festival and tourist activities carried out in the language of the super ethnos cannot influence the leveling of the value foundations of culture. First of all, it is necessary to level out the processes that negatively affect the language and culture of the ethnic group.

Key words: Urals Mari; ethnocultural transformation; language transformation; language culture; ethnocultural identity.

For citation: Berezina AV. Transformation of the linguistic culture of the Urals Mari in the XX – at the beginning of the XXI centuries. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2020; 12; 2: 203–211. (In Russian)

Vasily N. Nemechkin,
Candidate Sc. {Law}, Associate Professor,
Department of Legal Disciplines,
National Research Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), modmn@mail.ru

Introduction. The main objective of this article is to study the historical and legal aspects of the formation and development of international standards in the field of linguistic rights of indigenous peoples. This topic is particularly relevant in connection with the proclamation of the period 2022–2032 International Decade of Indigenous Languages by UN General Assembly.
Materials and Methods. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach that incorporates the historical, formal-legal, system-structural methods of scientific knowledge. The material was provided by the main international legal documents in the field of the linguistic rights of indigenous peoples, research by Russian and international authors on the legal status of indigenous peoples, and the protection of their linguistic rights in particular.
Results and Discussion. Based on the analysis of international legal acts, the following can be distinguished among the linguistic rights of indigenous peoples: the right to preserve and use native languages in private and publicly; the right to education in the mother tongue; the right to create and have access to the media in their native languages; the right to recognize indigenous languages in constitutions and national laws; the right to a life free of linguistic discrimination and other rights. The article also discusses the main UN mechanisms and tools in the field of ensuring and protecting the rights of indigenous peoples. The protection of the linguistic rights of indigenous peoples is currently carried out by numerous specialized agencies such as UNESCO, United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples and etc. An important mechanism for promoting the theme of languages of indigenous peoples, the unification of partners and resources for joint action around the world was the proclamation by the UN General Assembly of the International Year of Indigenous Languages (2019) and the International Decade of Indigenous Languages (2022–2032).
Conclusion. At the level of the international community, it formed a serious understanding of the need to preserve and develop languages, the realization of the linguistic rights of indigenous peoples, which will be facilitated by the International Decade of Indigenous Languages.

Key words: language rights; linguistic rights; indigenous peoples; international standards.

For citation: Nemechkin VN. Formation and development of international standards in the field of linguistic rights of indigenous peoples: historical and legal aspects. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2020; 12; 2: 194–202. (In Russian)