Finno-Ugric World

Antonina P. Guskova,
Candidate Sc. {Philology}, Associate Professor, Department of Finno-Ugric Philology, Lomonosov Moscow State University
(Moscow, Russia), guskova_ant@mail.ru

Features of Finno-Ugric languages’ (including Hungarian) are a relevant problem of Finno-Ugric Studies in general. The article describes the features of Hungarian speech etiquette from comparative linguo-pragmatics [Hungarian as a foreign language (HFL)] point of view. The method seems to be promising in the light of grammatical specificity both of Russian and Hungarian, appealing to advanced grammar course of HFL and communicative skills acquisition as well.
The article highlights grammar correlation between Russian and Hungarian language systems and is based on grammar comparison of both languages. Pragmatics, semantics of syntax and comparative linguistics methods are used in this article. Modern Hungarian language dictionaries are involved to analyze lexicographic definitions. The materials of the research consist of sampling Hungarian prose, newspaper and grammar vocabulary excerpts as well as the interviewers with Hungarian native speakers.
The complex research of Hungarian speech etiquette can make up for a deficiency that is still to be in relevant chapters of HFL methodic literature. Comparative analysis is to designate versatile (systematical and functional) traces in speech etiquette grammar and to determine the differences of Russian and Hungarian languages. That is the key point to solve the problems aligned with practice of teaching HFL.
The research demonstrates intercategorical connections supplied in etiquette forms are integrated into single system that has a line of grammatical specificities of actualization in speech etiquette and related with certain parts of speech. This system reflects primary distribution of pronominal, nominal and verbal characteristics inside determined forms. The sophistication of etiquette forms in Hungarian permits us to conclude there is a necessity of incorporation speech etiquette into Hungarian course book (as an independent part). This idea is precisely approved by the fact that there is a lack of complete and systematical descriptions of Hungarian syntax pragmatics.

Key words: Hungarian language, speech etiquette, etiquette specificity, grammatical features, pronominal forms of address, nominal forms of address, verbal forms of address.

For citation: Guskova AP. The grammer of the Hungarian language etiquette (in the Hungarian language textbooks). Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 10: 1: 29–35. (In Russian)

Nikolay A. Rakin,
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Research Fellow,
Institute of Language, Literature and History,
Komi Research Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
(Syktyvkar, Russia), nikrakin@yahoo.com

The article discusses Komi translations of Estonian literature. Today, a fairly large number of works of Estonian poetry and prose, as well as folklore are available in Komi. However, this activity has not been properly researched yet. Not only translations from the Estonian language have been poorly studies, but almost all translation activities between different Finno-Ugric languages and literatures have.
Materials for the study were various periodicals, collections, anthologies, reference books and other publications containing the translations or dealing with the issues of the history of literary translations and naming translations. The methods used included the collection of information on available translations from various sources, as well as statistical (quantitative) determination of the indicators of a particular phenomenon.
Rare Komi publications of works by some Estonian authors begin to appear in the 1970s–1980s. The major part of the currently available translations have been made since 1991. The intensification of work on the translation of literature of the Finno-Ugric peoples is associated with the Finno-Ugric movement, in particular with the expansion of cooperation in the literary sphere.
A significant number of works by different Estonian authors are presented in Komi. The vast majority of translations is poetry. As a rule, translations are carried out through the Russian language (interlinear translations, previously published Russian literary translations). It is possible to allocate two periods in the history of Komi-Estonian translation activity: before and after 1991.

Key words: Estonian literature; prose; poetry; Komi translations.

For citation: Rakin NA. Estonian literature in the komi language. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 10: 1: 36–40. (In Russian)

Olga V. Filippova,
Doctor of Pedagogy, Professor, Department of Russian as Foreign Language,
Ogarev Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), filippovaov@mail.ru

The article considers Mordovian paremia for effective communication. The theoretical basis of the work was the work of pragmalinguists (D. Searle, H. P. Grice, J. Leach), linguoculturologists (A. Vežbicki, L. P. Vorkacheva, etc.), Mordovian folklorists (K. S. Samorodova, G. I. Marchenko and others). Practical importance lies in revealing the values of communicative culture, reflected in the paremiological creativity of the Mordovian people. The object of the study is Mordovian paremia. The subject of the study is the models of communicative behavior. The aim of the research is to reveal the universal and specific in communicative culture of the Mordovian ethnos.
The research methodology relies on a cognitive approach to language research, combines content analysis and intent analysis. The material of the study was Moksha and Erzya paremia about language, speech, communicative behavior, extracted within continuous sampling from the published collections of Mordovian proverbs and sayings.
Corpus of paremias about the language, speech, and communicative behavior indicates a close attention of the ethnos to the communicative culture. Mordovian paremia showered the most important principles of effective communication. The form of expression of ethical values and communicative rules often includes advice, caution, disapproval of negative communicative behavior. The metaphorical language of creating imagery in Mordovian paremias reflected the linguocultural distinctiveness of the linguistic consciousness of the Mordovian people.
On the example of the analysis of paremias, certain models of communicative behavior were revealed. They reflect the fusion of the national language, ethnic, spiritual and pragmatic features, which are transmitted together with the language as a tool in the form of instructions and specific instructions for language use in communication process. A bright and easily remembered paremic form allows to preserve and transmit the value layer of communicative culture.

Key words: Mordovian paremia; postulates of effective communication; models of communicative behavior; communicative competence; praise; censure.

For citation: Filippova OV. Models of communicative conduct in Mordovian paramias: lingua-pragmatic and lingvocultural aspects. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 10: 1: 41–51. (In Russian)

Evgenii A. Tsypanov,
Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor, Deputy Director,
Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Komi Scientific Center,
Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
(Syktyvkar, Russia) tsypanov@mail.illhkomisc.ru

In Finno-Ugric studies, or in Perm Studies to be precise, the history of development and changes in the semantics of words, the connection between vocabulary and the grammatical system in the diachronic aspect, has not been fully presented yet. The focus of the research in on such primordial words in the Komi and Udmurt languages, which, having the same origin and ancient meaning, have developed completely new lexico-semantic variants in modern languages, or even developed along the way of grammaticalization. The article is based on the materials of lexemes poz, udm. pooz with the same old meaning ‘nest’.
The material of the article considers lexemes poz, udm. pooz in various sources and dictionaries of Permian languages, word-for-word use as a suffixoid in the Komi language body and literary works. When writing traditional methods of research were used.
Investigation of the variability of the semantics of lexemes poz, udm. pooz showed that the most developed and expanded semantics of the etymologically unified word is observed in the Komi-Zyryan dialects and the literary language, where, in addition to a few selected lexical-semantic variants, it was gradually grammaticalized into a suffixoid. Derivatives with –pos form a group of emotive words, mostly pejorative words with negatively-valuable semantics. Twenty five similar tokens in Komi-Zyrian dialects and literary language were recorded. In the Udmurt language, the reverse changes occurred: during the independent development of the language system, the original meaning of the word “nest” was erased (in contrast to almost all Uralic languages), the semantics of the word pooz changed toward concretization, detailing an egg, building a verb puzany with the meaning of ‘laying (laying) eggs, sweeping (about birds); lay eggs (about insects)’.
Development of the morphological structure of the Komi language is carried out at the expense of internal resources, as evidenced by the process of grammaticalization of the lexeme poz.

Key words: Komi language; lexicology; Emotional vocabulary; pejorative words; grammaticalization of the word; suffixoids.

For citation: Tsypanov EA. Suffixoid -poz in the composition of peerative lexis of the Komi language. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 10: 1: 52–61. (In Russian)

Acknowledgment: The article was prepared with the financial support of the program of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Social and Economic and Humanitarian Problems of Community Development”, project “Spiritual Culture and Traditional Representations of Peoples of the European North of Russia (based on Language, Folklore and Literature)” (No. 18-6-6-25).

Igor V. Bakhlov,
Doctor of Political Science,
Head of the Department of General history, Political Science and Area Studies,
Ogarev Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), bahlov@mail.ru

Olga V. Bakhlova,
Doctor of Political Science, Professor,
Department of General history, Political Science and Area Studies,
Ogarev Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), olga.bahlova@gmail.com

Relations between Russia and Hungary are the longest in comparison with other countries of the Finno-Ugric world, and they need to be seen as embedded in a multi-level historical geopolitical systematics. The object of research in the article are Russian/Russian/Soviet-Hungarian relations; the subject is their content and dynamics at different milestones of historical and geopolitical development. The main tasks are the identification of key stages, conditions and factors of bilateral and multilateral interaction; identification of specific characteristics and main results for each specific stage; determination of potential and guidelines for further cooperation.
The study is based on the materials of international treaties and agreements, official documents on the results of bilateral meetings, and internal conceptual documents. Basic methods of research are systematic, comparative and historical analysis. Within the framework of a multilevel analysis, Russian-Hungarian relationships, their factors and determinants are characterized. The great importance is paid to the method of studying documents as sourses of information about the totality of events within bilateral relations and tools for representing the interests of their most prominent participants, including in the internal dimension.
The study of a complex of documentary and theoretical sources made it possible to trace the process of the formation and development of bilateral relations since the Middle Ages. The peculiarities of each of the identified stages were revealed and their internal periodization was given, research estimates and interaction results were compared.
In general, Russian-Hungarian relations are indicative in terms of overcoming historical and other disagreements and contradictions. They demonstrate positive dynamics and have favorable prospects for further development, primarily in the areas of international conflicts and crises, high technologies and innovations, intercultural dialogue, in the fuel and energy sector.

Key words: Austria-Hungary; Treaty; Soviet-Hungarian relations; agreement; Russian-Hungarian relations; Finno-Ugric world; evolution.

For citation: Bakhlov IV, Bakhlova ОV. Russian-Hungarian relations: the stages of evolution. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 10: 1: 62–74. (In Russian)

Marina V. Loginova,
Doctor of Philosophy, Professor,
Department of Cultural Studies and Library and Information Resource,
Ogarev Mordovia State University (Saransk, Russia), marina919@mail.ru

Marina V. Lunina,
Post-graduate student,
Department of Cultural Studies and Library and Information Resource,
Ogarev Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), marina.Lunina.2014@inbox.ru

Taking into account modern cultural concepts, the article considers category of ambivalence of festive culture on the example of the wedding traditions of the Mordva. The dual nature of Mordovian festive culture is expressed in the preservation of pagan customs along with Christian ones. The purpose of the article is to analyze the ambivalence of the Mordovian holiday and to reveal its role in preserving the traditional folk culture. The object of research is a holiday as a phenomenon of culture; the subject is a polysemy in the interpretation of festive rituals. The results of the research allow to deepen and expand the idea of the Mordovian holiday for description and analysis.
The material of the study was made up of foreign and domestic printed sources. A number of approaches to the study of the phenomenon of ambivalence were analyzed. Observing the festive culture for a certain period of time allows to establish the values prioritized in this period, as the holiday updates them as applicable to the current moment, adapting to the present. Analytical and descriptive methods were used.
The article shows interrelation and role of Pagan and Christian customs in preserving traditional culture of the Mordovian people. It analyses the dual nature of Mordovian festivity, several concepts of understanding ambivalence are examined and a close relationship of ambivalence with the most important ontological concepts such as “war”, “peace”, “good” and “evil”, “life” and “death”, “work” and “leisure”.
The festive ritual of the Mordva is the part of the traditional culture. To preserve the national identity, it is necessary to study it. As a result of the study, Mordovian marriage revealed that the wedding combines various contradictions. That testifies the preservation of Pagan rituals in the modern world.

Key words: ambivalence, festivity, festive ritual, combination of Paganism and Orthodoxy.

For citation: Loginova MV, Lunina MV. The ambivalence of festive culture (on the example of the Mordovian ethnos) . Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 10: 1: 89–93. (In Russian)

Viktoriia M. Umorina,
Postgraduate student, Department of Architecture and Design,
Ogarev Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), mikhailova.victoria1990@yandex.ru

The author puts the problem of the development of skansens (open-air museums) in Finno-Ugric regions of Russia, their suitability to cultural potential of ethnos, exposition representation and tourist attraction. The research subject is typology and development of skansenes, exposition features and opportunity for their association in the single system.
The article examines the system of open-air museums in Murmansk, Leningrad and Archangel regions, in the Republics of Karelia, Komi, Udmurtia, Maria El, in Yamalo-Nenetckii Hanty-Mansiyskii autonomic territories, in Perm district, using the method of functional and space related comparative analysis.
It analyzed the history of skansen creation, their planning and opened exposition features, the presence of cultural and historical monuments, the natural landscape and the museum content. The most famous museums were created by the prominent national specialists (Kizhi, Malye Korely), a small number of museums was founded by the local people, some of them were opened by enthusiasts (Pomorskajya Tonjya Tetrina). Among them there are complexes with a half-century history (Kizhskii pogost, Khokhlovka) and new museums (Pomorskajya Tonjya Tetrina and Gornoknyazevsk). The monuments of the folk architecture can be affected by severe climatic conditions. Despite of the unique museum collections, all of them have economic problems including the shortage of money, inability for self-sustainable work, throwback infrastructure, etc. Nowadays Finno-Ugric skansenes have not formed the integral museum system yet.
The development of scansens is conducted in three directions: an extensive basis, under the impact of tourism demand and within the promotion of the region’s brand. The rating of the region’s tourist attraction does not always coincide with the scientific level of museum expositions. It is necessary to develop skansens in all Finno-Ugric regions of Russia and in the long term to unite them into a single museum and tourist system.

Key words: skansen; ethnicity exposition; a monument of wooden architecture; ethnic toutism.

For citation: Umorina VM. Finno-Ugric Skansen in Russia: cultural potential and tourist resource. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 10: 1: 94–109. (In Russian)

Galina E. Shkalina,
Doctor of Cultural Studies, Professor, Department of Culture and Arts,
Mari State University (Yoshkar-Ola, Russia), gshkalina@mail.ru

The Mari people are indigenous to the Volga-Kama cultural area. Along with other Finno-Ugric peoples, it embodies the ancient Uralic culture and contributes to the common heritage of mankind. The spiritual foundations of the cultural heritage of the Mari people are manifested in the perennial values of the creative development of the enclosing and feeding landscape, which allow diagnosing the modern adaptive capabilities of the ethnos.

The purpose of the work is to study the spiritual foundations of the cultural heritage of the Mari people, which determine the uniqueness of his worldview, self-perception and behavioral modes.

To solve the set tasks, a set of scientific methods was used: historical-genetic, structural, semiotic, phenomenological, comparative, descriptive, as well as the method of historical (logical) reconstruction and hermeneutic analysis; Paradigmatic, systemic, genealogical approaches and the axiological principle are applied.

On the example of the Mari people, it actualized an expanded, anthropological understanding of culture, including a lifestyle and ways of coexistence, creative activity, values and ethical norms, as well as a world view and identity. Universal and phenomenal features of the non-material culture of the Mari are singled out.

The conducted research allows to draw a conclusion about the uniqueness of the spiritual development of the world by the people of Mary, the features of his worldview, self-perception and behavioral modes.

Key words: the Mari people, the Ural family, Cultural Heritage, spiritual foundations, nature suitability, Volgo-Kamsky area, Yu, Yumo, Yumynüdyr, ecological consciousness, ecosophy, ethnoethics.

For citation: Shkalina GE. The Spiritual Foundations of the Cultural Heritage of the Mari People. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 10: 1: 110–120. (In Russian)

Acknowledgment: The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research in the framework of the scientific project No. 18-012-00086.

Dinislamova Svetlana S.,
Candidate Sc. {Philology}, Leading Research Fellow, Ob-Ugric Institute of Applied Research and Development (Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia), dinislamovass@mail.ru

Introduction. Works by Yu. Shestalov is a deeply original phenomenon of national culture. The purpose of the work is to study the form of existence of mythological subjects in the works of the writer. The object of the research is his prose, created in various years of literary creativity; the subject is the identification of interpretation features of the mythological plots found in some of his works. The results of the research can be used for lectures on the Mansi literature.
Materials and Methods. The material was the works by Yu. Shestalov, created in different periods. Cultural-historical, historical-genetic, biographical, ethnic and philological methods were employed to study the creative individuality of the poet, the spiritual foundations of his personality and literary activity.
Results and Discussion. Attitude to the folklore of Yuvan Shestalov varied at different stages of his works, and at the same time in each of the periods the interpretation of folklore motifs was consistent with the preceding ones. The author presents myths and mythical tales not only as a direct narration, but he also transforms them. Many myths receive unexpectedly new modern sound. Modernist approach to myth-making is traced in the multiplication of the characters from old tales and tales of other peoples, each image leading to certain associations.
Conclusion. Myths have a special significance for the writer. He is called upon to reveal the origins of a peculiar vision of the world, a feature of a national character. Mythical stories are brought into the narrative when it comes to the most important values for the characters. Generally, folklore material in the works by Yu. Shestalov has an important historical and cultural significance, which is associated with the preservation of the oral and poetic heritage for the future.

Key words: myth; interpretation; plot; Yu. Shestalov.

For citation: Dinislamova SS. Interpretatsiia mifologicheskikh siuzhetov v proizvedeniiakh Iuvana Shestalova [Interpretation of mythological plots in the works by Yuvan Shestalov]. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2017; 4: 12–20. (In Russian)

Ivanova Galina S.,
Doctor of Philology, Professor, the Department of Mordovian Languages, Ogarev Mordovia State University (Saransk, Russia), galina17-05@yandex.ru

Butylov Nikolai V.,
Doctor of Philology, Professor, Department of Foreign Languages No. 3, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (Moscow, Russia), butylovnv@rambler.ru

Letkina Nataliia V.,
Candidate Sc. {Philosophy}, Associate Professor, English Language Department for Professional Communication, Ogarev Mordovia State University (Saransk, Russia), letkinanv@mail.ru

Introduction. The aim of the article is to identify the article that corresponds to Finno-Ugric *а at the end of the stems in the Mordovian languages, as well as to identify patterns of phonetic changes. The subject of the study is the historical vowel *a of the end of the stem; the object is the Mordovian languages.
Materials and Methods. The material of the study is data collected from the etymological dictionaries of the Finno-Ugric languages, during dialectological expeditions, as well as from the works of prominent Finno-Ugric scholars. It also employs scientific, descriptive and comparative-historical methods.
Results and Discussion. Analysis of lexicographical sources has revealed that in the Mordovian languages (Moksha and Erzya) the development of the Finno-Ugric *a at the end of the stem has five main directions: 1) the original *a has been preserved in both Mordovian languages; 2) it was reduced in both languages; 3) in Moksha it is a reduced vowel in Erzya it is full [o]; 4) in a small group of words the vowel has been preserved in the Erzya language (though in a modified form) and in the Moksha language it fell out; 5) in the Erzya language have been preserved, in Moksha, there is a shifting articulation to the front row. Conservation of the quality of the Finno-Ugric *a of a non-initial syllable is likely due to the stress transition from the narrow vowel of the first syllable to the wide *a.
Conclusion. The vowel *a of a non-initial syllable has naturally been influenced by a reduction and was realized in sound [ă], which in the closed position of the syllable alternates with [ə] if in the first syllable there is the expanded correspondence of Finno-Ugric close vowel; ; there is a system as a broad upper rise vowel of a non-initial syllable followed by a combination of consonants; there is [u] < *o in the first syllable that retains stress, and there is a combination of consonants between the vowels of the first and second syllables. The falling out of final reduced [ă] < *a in a weak position after single consonants at the reflexes of original *a in the first syllable. Shifting articulation of *a to the front row is observed after palatinose consonant.

Key words: Finno-Ugric language; Mordovian languages; representation; vowel; first syllable; non-initial syllable; stem; phonetic position; reduced vowel.

For citation: Ivanova GS, Butylov NV, Letkina NV. Reprezentatsiia finno-ugorskogo *a kontsa osnovy v mordovskikh iazykakh [Representation of Finno-Ugric vowel *a at the stem end in the Mordovian languages]. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2017; 4: 21–27. (In Russian)

MAKSIMOV Valerii N.,
Candidate Sc. {Philology}, Associate Professor, Chair of Mari Language and Literature, Deputy Director for Academic Affairs, Institute of National Culture and Intercultural Communication, Mari State University (Yoshkar-Ola, Russia), sernur@rambler.ru

Introduction. The article considers functional and semantic characteristics of postpositions that create different defining relations with different meaning between components. The semantics of relational words make it possible to distinguish subgroups, within a group of sub-semantic nuances between components, since, in combination with the previous words, some postpositions transmit, for example, purely spatial meaning, others – spatial and temporal, etc. The purpose of the study is to analyze postpositional government with various relations in the first Mari newspaper in the national language “Voina Uver” (“Military News”); the object is postpositional government with different relations. The practical significance lies in the definition of word combinations with dependent relational words. The theoretical basis of the work was the works of Finno-Ugric researchers.
Materials and Methods. The research methodology combines methods of continuous sampling and linguistic description. The material of the study was postpositions in various respects with different shades, which were used on the pages of the newspaper “Voina Uver”.
Results and Discussion. In the Mari language, there is a large class of word combinations with dependent relational components, consisting of a name and a postposition. The most common are postpositions, which postpositional government in the dependent part of the noun with a postpositive expressing a determinative relation.
Conclusion. Having considered the word combinations with relational words, it can be stated that 25 postpositions were used on the pages of the newspaper “Voina Uver” in different ways with different shades.

Key words: newspaper “Voina Uver”; postposition; dependent part; different relationships; shades.

For citation: Maksimov VN. Poslelozhnoe upravlenie na stranitsakh gazety «Voina Uver» [Postpositional government on the pages of the newspaper “Voina Uver”]. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2017; 4: 28–35. (In Russian)