Finno-Ugric World

Introduction. The article examines the Karelian-language material contained in a late XIX century lexicographic edition “Guide and translator to remote outskirts of Russia” by A. V. Starchevsky. Alongside other few early printed publications containing material in Karelian, this work is of interest for researchers both in terms of the sources from which the vocabulary was derived and from the perspective of its dialectal attribution.
Materials and Methods. The source of the study was the language material of the publication, grouped into sections: individual words, colloquial phrases, a brief grammatical essay. The philological method is used, as well as the methods of external and internal reconstruction of the comparative historical method.
Results and Discussion. The analysis showed the linguistic material belongs to different dialects, and different sections in the edition made use of different sources. Identification of the sources also enabled the dialectal attribution of the published language material. The authors list the basic phonetic, morphological and lexical markers, concluding the origin of the dialect of this material.
Conclusions. The primary sources for the Karelian vocabulary in the Russian-Karelian Dictionary were the published earlier Karelian-Finnish Dictionary based on the study by A. Genetz “Tutkimus Aunuksen kielestä”, which represents the Livvi and the nearby Karelian sub-dialects of the borderland Karelia, and the Russian-Karelian Primary “Native Karelian” by A. Tolmachevskaya, written in the Tolmachevsky dialect of Karelian. Some vivid dialectal markers point to the Karelian Proper origin of the material in two other Karelian-language parts of the work by A. V. Starchevsky.

Keywords: A. V. Starchevsky, Karelian language, dialect, phonetic variant, script

Acknowledgments: The paper was prepared within state assignment of Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences No. 121070700122-5 “Basic and applied aspects of research on Baltic Finnic languages of Karelia and neighbor regions”.

For citation: Novak IP, Nagurnaya SV. Dialectal attribution of the Karelian language in “Guide and translator to remote outskirts of Russia” by A. V. Starchevsky. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2022;14;1:20–32. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15507/2076-2577.014.2022.01.20-32.

Introduction. This article is a development of an earlier study on the grammatical categories of the verb in Hungarian in comparison with Russian. The subject of study in this work is the grammatical category of voice, one of the most common verbal categories, typical for Russian verbs and absent in the Hungarian language, as well as the ways of its transmission when translated into Hungarian. The purpose of this work is to analyze the grammatical forms of the Hungarian and Russian verbs expressing voice relations and to establish the corresponding equivalents of the category of voice in Russian in the Hungarian language.
Materials and Methods. The research material is verbal vocabulary selected from lexicographic works (dictionaries of the Hungarian and Russian languages), linguistic and journalistic sources, grammars of the Hungarian language. The article considers both the written form of the modern Hungarian language and examples from live colloquial speech. The methodological framework of this study is based on researches on general linguistics, the theory of morphology, contributing to the formulation of the problem, determining the degree of its development in the research literature, as well as familiarizing with the conceptual approaches to the voice as an ambiguously interpreted grammatical category of the verb. The methods used in the study are comparative-typological, synchronous-descriptive and functional-semantic methods.
Results and Discussion. In the course of study it revealed how inflectional and derivational means helping to express the grammatical semantics of the category of voice in Russian can adequately convey the categorical meaning in the Hungarian language, in which the category of voice is absent. The comparative study of two languages helps to identify the features inherent in each of them, which generally contributes to solving the problems associated with the practice of their teaching. The results of the work based on the data of the ongoing research may be useful in the analysis of other grammatical categories on the material of various languages.
Conclusion. Despite the fact that verbs in the Hungarian language do not have a passive voice, the means and forms of its expression are represented in it by a developed and diverse system. The study allows making a step forward in understanding the typological specifics of the voice category and make a certain contribution to the general theory of this phenomenon, since it was the first study of the verb forms of two heterogeneous, genetically unrelated languages based on a comparative analysis in grammatical, semantic and functional aspects.

Keywords: verb, grammatical categories, voice category, paradigm, languages of different structure, comparative study of languages

For citation: Guskova AP. Expression of voice relation in the languages of different structure: is there a category of voice in Hungarian? Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2022;14;1:33–43. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15507/2076-2577.014.2022.01.33-43.

Introduction. The relevance of the article is determined by the need to identify and describe the stylistic characteristics of the texts of folklore genres, as well as revealing the composition of the identified expressive means and figurative techniques of the Mari language. With a modern interest to the spiritual heritage of nations, the development of philological sciences, an analysis of the stylistic characteristics of the texts of Mari fairy tales can provide a more complete picture of the language and style of Mari folklore, which is an integral part of the system of functional styles of the Mari language. The article presents new data on the systemic nature of stylistic devices in the texts of folk tales.
Materials and Methods. The empirical material is presented by 133 Mari folk fairy tales borrowed from various sources and considered from the stylistics within the framework of the theory of systems using a combination of general scientific (analysis and synthesis) and specific stylistic (semantic-stylistic, stylistic interpretation of the text) methods.
Results and Discussion. The identified and described set of expressive and figurative means testifies to the wide variety of the components of folklore functional style, which is part of the system of styles of the Mari language. The algorithm for studying expressive means and figurative techniques in the texts of fairy tales presented in the article makes it possible to use the theoretical basis and methodological base in the study of texts of other folklore genres that belong not only to the Mari linguistic culture.
Conclusion. The relevance and significance of the research is determined by the tasks set in it resulting in definition of new data on the systemic nature and components of the style of folk fairy tales. The main part of the system of stylistic devices is made up of expressive techniques of the phonological and syntactic levels of texts, supplemented by techniques of the morphological and lexical levels.

Keywords: stylistics, stylistic text characteristics, functional style, expressive means, figurative devices, style marker, text, Mari folk tale, system theory and analysis, semantic-stylistic method, stylistic interpretation

For citation: Morozova EN. Stylistic text characteristics of Mari folk fairy tales. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2022;14;1:44–57. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15507/2076-2577.014.2022.01.44-57.

Introduction. The article considers the borrowed anthroponymic toponyms of the capital of the Republic of Mari El, Yoshkar-Ola, and is carried out in line with the actual problem of modern onomastics, which is a linguistic description of the toponymy of regional cities. The purpose of the work is a synchronous analysis of borrowed anthroponymous urbanonyms of Yoshkar-Ola, dating back to different languages and reflecting the modern toponymic landscape of the Mari capital.
Materials and Methods. The main body of the research is represented by anthroponymous urbanonyms selected from cartographic and lexicographic sources created in Russian and Mari languages. When analyzing the material, various methods of studying toponymic units were used: etymological, semantic, descriptive, quantitative, cartographic.
Results and Discussion. The toponymic fund of Yoshkar-Ola has been formed throughout the history of the city, which is explained by the social nature of the language, its ability to enrich and renew during language contact. The appearance of borrowed urbanonyms is determined by the development of cultural, historical, political, interethnic ties between related and unrelated peoples and languages. The highest prevalence in the toponymicon of the acceptor language was obtained by anthroponymous urbanonyms. Their stable existence in the toposystem of the Mari language is due to the motivation of the anthroponymic component, the appellative character, historical and cultural determinism. The article reveals the results of semantic, etymological, historical, linguistic and cultural study of borrowed geographical and anthroponymic names in the toponymic space of the capital of Mari El. It gives the classification of toponyms by objects of the toponymic nomination, namely horonyms, godonyms, agoronyms.
Conclusion. The analysis provides an opportunity to trace the presence of urbanonyms motivated by surnames, personal names, nicknames and pseudonyms of prominent international, Russian figures, onyms of national personalities (political, scientific, literary, etc.) in the toposystem of Yoshkar-Ola, as well as the names of first settlers and owners of geographical objects. The main principle underlying the Mari borrowed anthroponymous urbanonyms was their nomination in connection with a person and thier activities.

Keywords: borrowing, toponym, urbanonym, burying, godonym, anthroponymic component, Yoshkar-Ola, Republic of Mari El

For citation: Khabibullina FYa, Ivanova IG. Borrowings in urbanonyms of Yoshkar-Ola with an anthroponymic component. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2022;14;1:58–77. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15507/2076-2577.014.2022.01.58-77.

Introduction. The relevance of the study of the nature and direction of changes in the family structure is due to the negative trends in modern socio-demographic development. The study of long-term trends in the transformation of family composition is important for understanding the nature and direction of modern processes, as well as for developing social policy measures.
Materials and Methods. In order to conduct a comparative analysis of the family structure, the materials of the audits of the taxable population of 1816, 1834 and 1850 were processed. Due to the complexity of processing primary census materials, the territorial scope of the study is limited to two areas of compact residence of Mordva-Erzya and Mordva-Moksha – Ardatov county of Simbirsk province and Krasnoslobodsky county of Penza province. In the course of the study, it used comparative, historical, problem and chronological, as well as systematic analysis and structural methods.
Results and Discussion. At the beginning of the XIX century, families-households of ethnic groups inhabiting the territory of the Ardatov and Krasnoslobodsky counties were represented by both simple and undivided forms. Among Mordva and Russian population in 1816, the share of small families was approximately equal, it was about 40 %; Tatar-Mishar nuclear families stood out against this background with their relative number reached 51,7 %. Among the undivided households, paternal ones dominated: among Russians, there were about 40 %, among Mordva-Moksha – 39,1 %, among Mordva-Erzya – 44,2 %, among Tatars – 38,1 %. Among the Tatar Mishars, fraternal families-households (7,5 %) were more widespread than mixed ones. In 1816–1850, all ethnic groups settled on the territory of modern Mordovia experienced an increase in the number and share of fraternal and mixed-type households.
Conclusion. During the first half of the XIX century on the territory of the Mordovian region, various variations of undivided families-households prevailed. The exception was the families of the Tatar Mishars, with the small ones at the beginning of the XIX century slightly exceeded the other types in their relative numbers. In the 1820s–1840s, a decrease in the share of nuclear families and the complication of the kinship structure was observed in all the main ethnic groups of the Ardatov and Krasnoslobodsky counties.

Keywords: family, household, yard, ethnos, Mordva, Russians, Tatars, kindred composition

For citation: Pershina TA, Pershin SV. The relative composition of the Mordovian, Russian and Tatar family-households in the first half of the XIX century: a comparative analysis. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2022;14;1:78–86. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15507/2076-2577.014.2022.01.78-86.

Introduction. The institutions of marriage and family seem to be an integral component of the traditional livelihood of peoples, reflecting their history, features of life and activities. The Finno-Ugric ethnic groups, over the centuries of their existence, have formed original layers of marriage and family traditions, many elements of which have been preserved to this day. The article provides a comparative legal and anthropological analysis of the marriage and family customs of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region.
Materials and Methods. The article is based on the literature, archival materials on the state of marriage and family relations of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region in the late XIX–XX centuries. It is based on a legal-anthropological methodology, which includes both relevant theoretical approaches and research methods of collecting materials. The comparative method makes it possible to compare certain elements of the institutions of marriage and family among individual Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region, to identify their common and special features. The hermeneutic method implies a deeper penetration into the logic of human legal thinking in the study of legal customs.
Results and Discussion. In the social life of the Finno-Ugric peoples, family rituals and customs related to marriage and wedding played an important role and family life. Great importance was attached to domestic deities. Many traditional features have been preserved in the regulation of marriage and family relations for a long time, which was due to the slow pace of the formation of market relations, patriarchal features of the family way of life, and the strength of family and kinship ties. Wedding ceremonies were characterized by great complexity and diversity. They were connected with different stages of the wedding, marking the transition of a young man and girl to a new social status; they were supposed to contribute to a more successful implementation of this event, to sanction it in the eyes of relatives and fellow villagers.
Conclusion. The Finno-Ugric ethnic groups of the Volga region have developed many similar features of traditional culture and way of life, which indicates the traditions of interpenetration and interaction. Despite the common things and the general similarity of customs in the sphere of marriage and family relations, peoples also have distinctive properties, features of worldview, customary law, and other socionormative relations.

Keywords: customary law, Finno-Ugric peoples, legal and anthropological analysis, community, marriage, family

For citation: Sushkova IuN. Marriage and family customs of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region: legal and anthropological analysis (late XIX – early XX century). Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2022;14;1:87–99. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15507/2076-2577.014.2022.01.87-99.

Information about the author
E. M. Kolcheva – Candidate Sc. {Arts}, Associate Professor, Department of the Museology, Cultural Studies and Art History, Kazan State Institute of Culture, elviramk@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3058-5308

Introduction. Lamentations remain an enduring national treasure of the Mordovian ethnos. They do not only offer the richest cultural and historical information, but also represent a living existence of the past in modern times. Based on the research and the folklore material, it gives a generalized characteristic of poetic devices and visual and expressive means used in the texts of the lamentations of the funeral and memorial cycle of Mordva-Erzya.
Materials and Methods. The study combines methods of description and comparative analysis. The basis of the empirical material was reliable folklore collections with exceptional historical, cultural and research value, borrowed from the oral and poetic creativity of the Mordovian people, the vocabulary of the Erzya language, traditions and rituals.
Results and Discussion. Lamentations is the most important component of the verbal and musical codes of the funeral and memorial complex. The poetry of lamentation, which has preserved archaic features, gives the national culture a special charm, emphasizes its lively sound, primordial independence and originality. Lamentations are used to express grief at the loss of a beloved one, and they are characterized by a well-developed system of comparisons and metaphors that perform the functions of imagery and allegory. Special colorfulness, brightness and expressiveness in lamentations are given by the traditional techniques widely used in lamentations: appeals, comparisons, metaphors, artistic parallelisms and other visual and expressive means.
Conclusion. The Mordovian religious tradition is rich in means of expression and poetic techniques, the functioning of which in the structure of folklore work gives its best samples a unique national flavor. The manner of performing lamentations has local traditions, lamentable melodies typical for a particular locality. The considered images, motives, appeals, comparisons, metaphors, personifications, contribute to understanding the depth of the spiritual world of the people, their worldview.

Keywords: lamentations, Mordva-Erzya, folklore, figurative and expressive means, metaphor, epithet, comparison, motive

For citation: Vaganova EN. Funeral and memorial lamentations in folklore of Mordva-Erzya: poetic devices. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2022;14;1:8–19. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15507/2076-2577.014.2022.01.8-19.