Finno-Ugric World

Konstantin M. Romanov,
Doctor Sc. {Psychology}, Professor, Department of Psychology,
Ogarev Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), famylypost@mail.ru

Psychological culture of the ethnos is presented as integral part of its culture. It contains the psychological experience of the nation: psychological knowledge, practical and communication skills, relationships with people. In the psychological culture, a human is represented as a subject and personality. As a part of a common culture, psychological culture is transferred from one generation to another. Recreating in each generation, it determines the psychological appearance of the people. A brief analysis of the research on psychological culture of the Finno-Ugric peoples allowed to define the novelty and relevance of the study. The purpose of the study is to reveal the psychological content of the culture of two Finno-Ugric peoples (Hungarian and Erzya).
To achieve this goal, we used the method of psychological analysis of the language as a carrier of the psychological culture of an ethnos. Two dictionaries were used as an object of analysis: Erzya-Russian and Hungarian-Russian. The subject of psychological analysis were the words reflecting all sorts of psychological characteristics of a person: character traits, mental processes and conditions, types of people, social stereotypes, status and roles, behavioral characteristics, etc.
A human as a subject and personality is central to the culture of both Finno-Ugric peoples. In the Erzya dictionary there was 29,0 % of words reflecting the psychological characteristics of a person, in Hungarian – 26,4 %. The psychological culture which accumulates the experience of communicating a person with other people is very important for both ethnic groups. It presents common and ethnic features in the content and structure of the psychological experience of these peoples.
Culture as in multidimensional medium represents the psychological essence of a person as a subject and person. This part of the culture can be defined as psychological. It is characterized by national and ethnic features. Throughout its historical development, the Erzya and Hungarian peoples have created their own psychological culture, well presented in its languages.

Key words: human; subject; personality; culture; psychological culture; ethnos; translation of psychological culture; ethnic features of psychological culture; psychological experience; the Erzya language; the Hungarian language.

For citation: Romanov KM. Representation of a human as a subject and personality in the culture of Finno-ugric peoples. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 105–114. (In Russian)

Anzhelika N. Pavlova,
Doctor Sc. {History}, Head of the Department of History and Psychology,
Volga State University of Technology
(Ioshkar-Ola, Russia), angpan@rambler.ru

Shamanism is known among various ethnic groups in Asia, Oceania and America, including the Ugric peoples of Siberia. The problem of Mari shamanism remains controversial to this day. It offers to look at it from the point of view of the preservation of shamanic elements in the traditional Mari costume.
The paper is based on ethnographic and archaeological sources, which are considered within interdisciplinary approach using the methods of historicism, semiotics, structural and functional analysis.
The Mari costume, developing over the centuries, has preserved the main symbolic dominants. The traditional Mari costume was a reflection of mythical cosmology, just like a shaman’s costume. In the symbolism of the Mari costume, one can also find ancient images of shamanic patron spirits.
The preservation of shaman elements in the Mari costume can be both a reflection of the archaic layer of Finno-Ugric mythology, and the result of contacts with the Ugric world.

Key words: traditional culture; shamanism; shamanistic attire; Mari costume; cosmology; shamanic animals.

For citation: Pavlova AN. Shaman elements in the Mari costume. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 98–104. (In Russian)

Tatiana V. Klimkina,
PhD student, Department of Theater Art and Folk Art Culture,
Ogarev Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), scientificmagazines@gmail.com

Currently in Russia the development of church architecture poses many problems associated with the revival of the national school of monumental religious painting. The article analyzes the main features of the development of monumental decoration of church buildings. It also emphasizes importance of an integrated approach to the solution of the architectural and artistic ensemble of the cult construction. The synthesis of national religious architecture and monumental church painting is the object of research and its features аt the present stage is the subject. The goal of the article is the identification of the main tendencies of integrated approach to the religious architecture, both for Russia and the Republic of Mordovia.
The empirical material of the work is the religious architecture and monumental church painting of Russia and the Republic of Mordovia. The research is based on observation, descriptive and comparative methods of analysis. The article is based on the published research on the church art of Russia and the Republic of Mordovia.
The turn of the 21st century represents the active practice of creating a modern church decor. This is characterized by a complex multistage process of collective creativity, characterized by specific architectural environment of the building, development of the design of the decor and the means of monumental painting.
The turn of the 21st century represents a new step in the development of religious architecture and monumental painting in Russia. It makes a conclusion that at the turn of the century the use of the artistic experience of the past is the leading tendency in the development of modern monumental church painting. The necessity of achieving the synthesis of the architectural building and its monumental and decorative solution is empasized.

Key words: religious architecture; church; fine arts; monumental painting; restoration; traditions.

For citation: Klimkina TV. The Modern Religious architecture and monumental painting: synthesis (on the example of Russia and the Republic of Mordovia). Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 88–97. (In Russian)

Ekaterina М. Gavina,
Director of Tourist Information Center of the Republic of Mordovia
(Saransk, Russia), gavina@list.ru

Marina A. Zhulina,
Candidate Sc. {Geography}, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Tourism,
Ogarev Mordovia State University,
Deputy Minister for Culture, National Policy, Tourism and Archival Affairs of the Republic of Mordovia (Saransk, Russia), mzhulina@mail.ru

Liudmila V. Sotova,
Candidate Sc. {Geography}, Associate Professor, Department of Tourism,
Ogarev Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), sotova@mail.ru

Maksim I. Firstov,
Head of Tourism Development Division,
Ministry for Culture, National Policy, Tourism and Archival Affairs of the Republic of Mordovia
(Saransk, Russia), firstovmi@e-mordovia.ru

The rich cultural heritage of Finno-Ugric peoples is a self-important and an integral part of Russian and world culture. Tourism makes popular historical, cultural and natural monuments, folk crafts, national cuisine and parts of non-material culture, thus contributing to their preservation and development. Nowadays for many indigenous peoples of Russia (especially those, whose numbers are small) the development of ethnic tourism is an only way to preserve the traditions and customs. For that reason, the development of ethnic tourism, and in particular shaping a competitive tourism in Finno-Ugric regions are highly relevant. The Republic of Mordovia as the national region situated in the center of the European part of Russia has some advantages in the development of regional market of tourism services. The presence of unique heritage of Mordovian national culture, including places of interest, customs of national art crafts, regular events, national cuisine etc., makes ethnic tourism one of the main priorities for the development of Mordovia. The purpose of this study is to define efficient ways for the development of ethnic tourism in the Republic of Mordovia and establish a competitive ethnic itinerary based on the identified criteria for tour itineraries on the present-day market.
The research efforts led to the setting up ethnic itinerary “The call of Torama”, aimed at the unification of competitive elements of regional tourism and providing effective sales of the itinerary on the Russian tourist market. The itinerary is a weekend tour. It is based on the objects of ethnic tourism, complemented by the visits to the main attractions of Saransk and areas of the Republic of Mordovia.
«The call of Torama» is included in the branded itinerary list of Russia. The experience of the Republic of Mordovia in the formation of a branded ethnic itinerary can be successfully applied in other regions. The article analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the itinerary and provides recommendations for its improvement.

Key words: cultural tourism; ethnic tourism; objects of ethnic tourism; tourist potential; tour itinerary; branded itinerary; Finno-Ugric space.

For citation: Gavina EM, Zhulina MA, Sotova LV, Firstov MI. Tour itinerary “The Call of Torama” for the development of ethnic tourism in the Republic of Mordovia. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 74–87. (In Russian)

The article attempts to consider the role of the timber industry in the development of the Finno-Ugric regions of the USSR, and then the Russian Federation during the second half of the 20th century through the prism of historiography. The purpose of the study is to determine the scientific contribution of specialists from various branches in the study of this topic. The relevance of the study is related to the fact that for many Finno-Ugric regions of Russia, including the Finno-Ugric regions, timber industry complex was and remains the basis of sustainable socio-economic development.
The research methodology is based on traditional principles and methods for historiographic research. These include the principle of historicism, the problem-chronological and comparative historical methods.
The study of the works of various authors on this topic allows us to distinguish three stages in the study of the problem. The first stage can be attributed to studies of the Soviet period, in which a lot of attention was paid to the technological, economic and historical features of the development of timber industry in the Finno-Ugric regions. However, many problems of development of timber industry in Finno-Ugric regions for various reasons have not been thoroughly studied. Since the late 1980s, and especially during the 1990s due to the combination of economic, political and cultural factors the role of timber industry in the development of the Finno-Ugric regions of Russia moved to the periphery of the interests of most researchers. However, in the early 2000s with the beginning of political and economic stabilization, it became necessary to reconsider the historical experience of socio-economic development in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, which led to a revival of interest among researchers and specialists in the subject matter.
Analysis of the research has shown that the role of timber industry as a tool for the development of Finno-Ugric regions has not yet received a comprehensive analysis.

Key words: timber industry; Finno-Ugric regions; historiography; stages of studying the topic; modernization.

For citation: Kulagin OI. The role of timber industry in the development of the Finno-Ugric regions of Russia in the se­cond half of the XX century: historiographic aspect. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 67–73. (In Russian)

Fail G. Safin,
Doctor Sc. {History}, Professor, Leading Research Fellow, Department of Ethnopolitology, R. G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Studies,
Ufa Federal research center of Russian Academy of Science
(Ufa, Russia), failsafin@mail.ru

Svetlana S. Alekseenko,
Candidate Sc. {History}, Junior Research Fellow, Department of Ethnopolitology,
R. G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Studies,
Ufa Federal research center of Russian Academy of Science
(Ufa, Russia), afotinias@mail.ru

Aigul I. Khaliullina,
Candidate Sc. {History}, Senior Research Fellow, Department of Ethnopolitology,
R. G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Studies,
Ufa Federal research center of Russian Academy of Science
(Ufa, Russia), aygul_kamila@mail.ru

Subscription to periodicals indirectly shows the ethnolinguistic identity of the population, as in order to meet ethno-cultural needs individuals give preference to that Mass media which is closer to them by the language and world-view. Along with the regional and republican newspapers and magazines published in Bashkortostan, the Finno-Ugric peoples actively take in periodicals from the neighboring Republics, which makes it possible to meet ethnic, cultural and national language needs more widely.
The article is based on the materials from the archive of the Ufa Federal Postal Service of the Republic of Bashkortostan,a branch of “Post of Russia”, as well as data from the Press Agency of the Republic of Bashkortostan. It makes an attempt to explore the national cultural needs of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the field of printed Press. The work is based on statistical data, including the current archives of Press and Media Agency of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Federal postal service of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as the results of population censuses. The principle of historicism, statistical and systematic approaches make the theoretical basis of the research.
In Bashkortostan newspapers for the Mari population are published in the Mari language in two districts – Mishkinskiy and Kaltasinskiy, with 71,5 and 45,9 % of the Mari population according to 2010 census. In Tatyshlinskiy district with 21,5 % of Udmurt population, there is one regional newspaper in the Udmurt language. Taking into account the needs of the Mari population of the Republic, since 1991 the Republican newspaper “Cholman” (“Kama”) has been published in the Mari language. Since 1999 there has been another newspaper with Republican circulation in the Udmurt language – “Oshmes”. Newspapers and magazines in the Mordovian language are not published in Bashkortostan. The Mordovian population subscribes periodicals from the Republic of Mordovia.
The promotion of subscriptions in the Finno-Ugric languages in the Republic would contribute to the further preservation and development of native languages and strengthening the ethnic identity of the Finno-Ugric population in Bashkortostan.

Key words: Finno-Ugric population; identity; periodicals; Udmurts; Mari; Mordvins; circulation; ethno-cultural needs; subscription.

For citation: Safin FG, Alekseenko SS, Khaliullina AI. National mass media as markers of ethnolinguistic identity of Finno-Ugric peoples in Bashkortostan. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 55–66. (In Russian)

Following the interpretation of a modality as a complex functional and semantic category, which covers various private meaning (except for evidence ones), the author touches upon the question of consistency in the language. The systemically conditioned means of expression of modality in speech and texts is the problem of general and Finno-Ugric linguistics.
The field records of the author (made in 1985–2001) and the works of Khanty literature served as actual material.
In this article, the relationship between speech and text (written) is considered dialectically: they are not contrasted, as they are recognized as different, independent forms of language. However, it is emphasized that speech is by definition has richer intonation, while a written text does not have signs for an adequate and complete reflection of all nuances of pronunciation. It is thought that the basis for the exact expression of any of the modal meanings is the intonation of the phrase, which is different when expressing statements, wishes, consent, prohibition, possibility, necessity, and other attitudes emanating from the speaker.
It recognizes a variety of means to express modality – intonation, lexical, grammatical, and mixed. Particles and modal names are defined as lexical (in the examples, it notes their combination with grammatical elements). Using the example of modal particles and names that function in the the Kazymsky dialect of the Khanty language, it defines the main features of consistency in the language.

Key words: system of language; means of modality; modal words; particles; functioning of language units; the Kazymsky dialect of the Khanty language.

For citation: Kaksin AD. On the system of modals: particles and nominals (on the Kazymsky dialect of the Khanty language). Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 47–54. (In Russian)

The object of the research is the Mari verbal charms; the subject is their lexical level. The aim of this article is to reveal, describe and classify types of space constituting a system of spatial images and symbols. The significance of the verbal charms as a source of information is beyond doubt and lies in the fact that verbal magic formulas are original, statistically undoubted material that has been created and used for centuries on the territories inhabited by the ethnic group.
The methodological basis of the research includes the use of a number of provisions of the theory of system analysis (text is a systemic, a hierarchically structured unit, consisting of a number of elements), which is supplemented by the use of factor (types of space) and statistical types of analysis. They are combined with linguistic methods of semantic research: method of vocabulary analysis, componential and contextual analysis.
Imaginary and real actions necessary to achieve the goals of verbal formulas occur in the space-time continuum. In the folklore reflection of reality, the space is used as a background for the events. It is characterized by geographical and climatic features. The article identifies and analyzes the elements of the terrain and geographical objects defined by the term “types of space”. The algorithm of the research includes a number of following steps. First, the lexical composition of 428 texts from various sources is analyzed. Then, using the definitional and component types of analysis, individual lexemes are defined, denoting the types of space. After this step, the frequency of their use is calculated. The ranking of factors contributes to the allocation of four groups of space types, combining eighteen items. The obtained results make it possible to determine the symbols and archetypes of the space of the Mari folklore genres.
The most common types of space in the analyzed texts consist of 55,7 % of geographical objects and are marked by the following lexemes: ponds and their parts, housing, earth, sky. They have symbolic meanings containing Mari ethnic religious and mythological view of the universe.

Acknowledgments: The article is prepared within the research project No. 18-412-120005р_а finded by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research.

Key words: Mari verbal charms; folklore genre; space types; physical space; ethnic space perception; semantic analysis; factor and statistical types of analysis; symbol.

For citation: Glukhova NN. Types of space in Mari verbal charms. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 34–46. (In Russian)

Nadezda S. Bratchikova,
Doctor of Philology, Professor, Department of Finno-Ugric Philology,
Lomonosov Moscow State University
(Moscow, Russia), n.bratchikova@mail.ru

The genesis of the old Finnish language (1560-1640) is unique due to two historical reasons: first, the literature of this period was religious; secondly, religious and literary languages represented a single entity.
The material of the study was the texts of the period of Catholicism and early Lutheranism (1560-1640). The author employed the analysis of semantic models, rhetorical devices, language structures (helped to identify the peculiarities of the formation of the old Finnish language and the reasons for the growth of its influence on the audience), content analysis of texts (allowed to trace the stages of transition in the church service from Latin and German to Finnish) were used. Comparison of folk texts with the translated ones revealed their common features (repetitions at the level of phrase and alliteration).
The development of Old Finnish language was decelerated by the excessive use of the Latin language. However, by the middle of the 16th century, the external and internal political situations in Finland were in favour of using the Finnish language as an instrument of religious authority and a means of cultural influence on society.
The written literature of Finland in the studied period was of a translatable state. The translated literature was pivotal in the formation and development of verbal art. Educated people (Justen, Finno, Hemminki from Mask, Sorolainen and L. Petri) made a vast contribution to the written language. Due to them, it was enriched with various forms of dialects and a greater lexicon.

Key words: the history of Finnish language; translated literature; prayers; means of influencing on the audience; linguistic and stylistic methods.

For citation: Bratchikova NS. Old Finnish language and written Finnish literature in 1560–1640. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 14–33. (In Russian)