Finno-Ugric World

Anzhelika N. Pavlova,
Doctor Sc. {History}, Head of the Department of History and Psychology,
Volga State University of Technology
(Ioshkar-Ola, Russia), angpan@rambler.ru

Shamanism is known among various ethnic groups in Asia, Oceania and America, including the Ugric peoples of Siberia. The problem of Mari shamanism remains controversial to this day. It offers to look at it from the point of view of the preservation of shamanic elements in the traditional Mari costume.
The paper is based on ethnographic and archaeological sources, which are considered within interdisciplinary approach using the methods of historicism, semiotics, structural and functional analysis.
The Mari costume, developing over the centuries, has preserved the main symbolic dominants. The traditional Mari costume was a reflection of mythical cosmology, just like a shaman’s costume. In the symbolism of the Mari costume, one can also find ancient images of shamanic patron spirits.
The preservation of shaman elements in the Mari costume can be both a reflection of the archaic layer of Finno-Ugric mythology, and the result of contacts with the Ugric world.

Key words: traditional culture; shamanism; shamanistic attire; Mari costume; cosmology; shamanic animals.

For citation: Pavlova AN. Shaman elements in the Mari costume. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 98–104. (In Russian)

Tatiana V. Klimkina,
PhD student, Department of Theater Art and Folk Art Culture,
Ogarev Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), scientificmagazines@gmail.com

Currently in Russia the development of church architecture poses many problems associated with the revival of the national school of monumental religious painting. The article analyzes the main features of the development of monumental decoration of church buildings. It also emphasizes importance of an integrated approach to the solution of the architectural and artistic ensemble of the cult construction. The synthesis of national religious architecture and monumental church painting is the object of research and its features аt the present stage is the subject. The goal of the article is the identification of the main tendencies of integrated approach to the religious architecture, both for Russia and the Republic of Mordovia.
The empirical material of the work is the religious architecture and monumental church painting of Russia and the Republic of Mordovia. The research is based on observation, descriptive and comparative methods of analysis. The article is based on the published research on the church art of Russia and the Republic of Mordovia.
The turn of the 21st century represents the active practice of creating a modern church decor. This is characterized by a complex multistage process of collective creativity, characterized by specific architectural environment of the building, development of the design of the decor and the means of monumental painting.
The turn of the 21st century represents a new step in the development of religious architecture and monumental painting in Russia. It makes a conclusion that at the turn of the century the use of the artistic experience of the past is the leading tendency in the development of modern monumental church painting. The necessity of achieving the synthesis of the architectural building and its monumental and decorative solution is empasized.

Key words: religious architecture; church; fine arts; monumental painting; restoration; traditions.

For citation: Klimkina TV. The Modern Religious architecture and monumental painting: synthesis (on the example of Russia and the Republic of Mordovia). Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 88–97. (In Russian)

Ekaterina М. Gavina,
Director of Tourist Information Center of the Republic of Mordovia
(Saransk, Russia), gavina@list.ru

Marina A. Zhulina,
Candidate Sc. {Geography}, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Tourism,
Ogarev Mordovia State University,
Deputy Minister for Culture, National Policy, Tourism and Archival Affairs of the Republic of Mordovia (Saransk, Russia), mzhulina@mail.ru

Liudmila V. Sotova,
Candidate Sc. {Geography}, Associate Professor, Department of Tourism,
Ogarev Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), sotova@mail.ru

Maksim I. Firstov,
Head of Tourism Development Division,
Ministry for Culture, National Policy, Tourism and Archival Affairs of the Republic of Mordovia
(Saransk, Russia), firstovmi@e-mordovia.ru

The rich cultural heritage of Finno-Ugric peoples is a self-important and an integral part of Russian and world culture. Tourism makes popular historical, cultural and natural monuments, folk crafts, national cuisine and parts of non-material culture, thus contributing to their preservation and development. Nowadays for many indigenous peoples of Russia (especially those, whose numbers are small) the development of ethnic tourism is an only way to preserve the traditions and customs. For that reason, the development of ethnic tourism, and in particular shaping a competitive tourism in Finno-Ugric regions are highly relevant. The Republic of Mordovia as the national region situated in the center of the European part of Russia has some advantages in the development of regional market of tourism services. The presence of unique heritage of Mordovian national culture, including places of interest, customs of national art crafts, regular events, national cuisine etc., makes ethnic tourism one of the main priorities for the development of Mordovia. The purpose of this study is to define efficient ways for the development of ethnic tourism in the Republic of Mordovia and establish a competitive ethnic itinerary based on the identified criteria for tour itineraries on the present-day market.
The research efforts led to the setting up ethnic itinerary “The call of Torama”, aimed at the unification of competitive elements of regional tourism and providing effective sales of the itinerary on the Russian tourist market. The itinerary is a weekend tour. It is based on the objects of ethnic tourism, complemented by the visits to the main attractions of Saransk and areas of the Republic of Mordovia.
«The call of Torama» is included in the branded itinerary list of Russia. The experience of the Republic of Mordovia in the formation of a branded ethnic itinerary can be successfully applied in other regions. The article analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the itinerary and provides recommendations for its improvement.

Key words: cultural tourism; ethnic tourism; objects of ethnic tourism; tourist potential; tour itinerary; branded itinerary; Finno-Ugric space.

For citation: Gavina EM, Zhulina MA, Sotova LV, Firstov MI. Tour itinerary “The Call of Torama” for the development of ethnic tourism in the Republic of Mordovia. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 74–87. (In Russian)

The article attempts to consider the role of the timber industry in the development of the Finno-Ugric regions of the USSR, and then the Russian Federation during the second half of the 20th century through the prism of historiography. The purpose of the study is to determine the scientific contribution of specialists from various branches in the study of this topic. The relevance of the study is related to the fact that for many Finno-Ugric regions of Russia, including the Finno-Ugric regions, timber industry complex was and remains the basis of sustainable socio-economic development.
The research methodology is based on traditional principles and methods for historiographic research. These include the principle of historicism, the problem-chronological and comparative historical methods.
The study of the works of various authors on this topic allows us to distinguish three stages in the study of the problem. The first stage can be attributed to studies of the Soviet period, in which a lot of attention was paid to the technological, economic and historical features of the development of timber industry in the Finno-Ugric regions. However, many problems of development of timber industry in Finno-Ugric regions for various reasons have not been thoroughly studied. Since the late 1980s, and especially during the 1990s due to the combination of economic, political and cultural factors the role of timber industry in the development of the Finno-Ugric regions of Russia moved to the periphery of the interests of most researchers. However, in the early 2000s with the beginning of political and economic stabilization, it became necessary to reconsider the historical experience of socio-economic development in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, which led to a revival of interest among researchers and specialists in the subject matter.
Analysis of the research has shown that the role of timber industry as a tool for the development of Finno-Ugric regions has not yet received a comprehensive analysis.

Key words: timber industry; Finno-Ugric regions; historiography; stages of studying the topic; modernization.

For citation: Kulagin OI. The role of timber industry in the development of the Finno-Ugric regions of Russia in the se­cond half of the XX century: historiographic aspect. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 67–73. (In Russian)

Fail G. Safin,
Doctor Sc. {History}, Professor, Leading Research Fellow, Department of Ethnopolitology, R. G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Studies,
Ufa Federal research center of Russian Academy of Science
(Ufa, Russia), failsafin@mail.ru

Svetlana S. Alekseenko,
Candidate Sc. {History}, Junior Research Fellow, Department of Ethnopolitology,
R. G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Studies,
Ufa Federal research center of Russian Academy of Science
(Ufa, Russia), afotinias@mail.ru

Aigul I. Khaliullina,
Candidate Sc. {History}, Senior Research Fellow, Department of Ethnopolitology,
R. G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Studies,
Ufa Federal research center of Russian Academy of Science
(Ufa, Russia), aygul_kamila@mail.ru

Subscription to periodicals indirectly shows the ethnolinguistic identity of the population, as in order to meet ethno-cultural needs individuals give preference to that Mass media which is closer to them by the language and world-view. Along with the regional and republican newspapers and magazines published in Bashkortostan, the Finno-Ugric peoples actively take in periodicals from the neighboring Republics, which makes it possible to meet ethnic, cultural and national language needs more widely.
The article is based on the materials from the archive of the Ufa Federal Postal Service of the Republic of Bashkortostan,a branch of “Post of Russia”, as well as data from the Press Agency of the Republic of Bashkortostan. It makes an attempt to explore the national cultural needs of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the field of printed Press. The work is based on statistical data, including the current archives of Press and Media Agency of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Federal postal service of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as the results of population censuses. The principle of historicism, statistical and systematic approaches make the theoretical basis of the research.
In Bashkortostan newspapers for the Mari population are published in the Mari language in two districts – Mishkinskiy and Kaltasinskiy, with 71,5 and 45,9 % of the Mari population according to 2010 census. In Tatyshlinskiy district with 21,5 % of Udmurt population, there is one regional newspaper in the Udmurt language. Taking into account the needs of the Mari population of the Republic, since 1991 the Republican newspaper “Cholman” (“Kama”) has been published in the Mari language. Since 1999 there has been another newspaper with Republican circulation in the Udmurt language – “Oshmes”. Newspapers and magazines in the Mordovian language are not published in Bashkortostan. The Mordovian population subscribes periodicals from the Republic of Mordovia.
The promotion of subscriptions in the Finno-Ugric languages in the Republic would contribute to the further preservation and development of native languages and strengthening the ethnic identity of the Finno-Ugric population in Bashkortostan.

Key words: Finno-Ugric population; identity; periodicals; Udmurts; Mari; Mordvins; circulation; ethno-cultural needs; subscription.

For citation: Safin FG, Alekseenko SS, Khaliullina AI. National mass media as markers of ethnolinguistic identity of Finno-Ugric peoples in Bashkortostan. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 55–66. (In Russian)

Following the interpretation of a modality as a complex functional and semantic category, which covers various private meaning (except for evidence ones), the author touches upon the question of consistency in the language. The systemically conditioned means of expression of modality in speech and texts is the problem of general and Finno-Ugric linguistics.
The field records of the author (made in 1985–2001) and the works of Khanty literature served as actual material.
In this article, the relationship between speech and text (written) is considered dialectically: they are not contrasted, as they are recognized as different, independent forms of language. However, it is emphasized that speech is by definition has richer intonation, while a written text does not have signs for an adequate and complete reflection of all nuances of pronunciation. It is thought that the basis for the exact expression of any of the modal meanings is the intonation of the phrase, which is different when expressing statements, wishes, consent, prohibition, possibility, necessity, and other attitudes emanating from the speaker.
It recognizes a variety of means to express modality – intonation, lexical, grammatical, and mixed. Particles and modal names are defined as lexical (in the examples, it notes their combination with grammatical elements). Using the example of modal particles and names that function in the the Kazymsky dialect of the Khanty language, it defines the main features of consistency in the language.

Key words: system of language; means of modality; modal words; particles; functioning of language units; the Kazymsky dialect of the Khanty language.

For citation: Kaksin AD. On the system of modals: particles and nominals (on the Kazymsky dialect of the Khanty language). Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 47–54. (In Russian)

The object of the research is the Mari verbal charms; the subject is their lexical level. The aim of this article is to reveal, describe and classify types of space constituting a system of spatial images and symbols. The significance of the verbal charms as a source of information is beyond doubt and lies in the fact that verbal magic formulas are original, statistically undoubted material that has been created and used for centuries on the territories inhabited by the ethnic group.
The methodological basis of the research includes the use of a number of provisions of the theory of system analysis (text is a systemic, a hierarchically structured unit, consisting of a number of elements), which is supplemented by the use of factor (types of space) and statistical types of analysis. They are combined with linguistic methods of semantic research: method of vocabulary analysis, componential and contextual analysis.
Imaginary and real actions necessary to achieve the goals of verbal formulas occur in the space-time continuum. In the folklore reflection of reality, the space is used as a background for the events. It is characterized by geographical and climatic features. The article identifies and analyzes the elements of the terrain and geographical objects defined by the term “types of space”. The algorithm of the research includes a number of following steps. First, the lexical composition of 428 texts from various sources is analyzed. Then, using the definitional and component types of analysis, individual lexemes are defined, denoting the types of space. After this step, the frequency of their use is calculated. The ranking of factors contributes to the allocation of four groups of space types, combining eighteen items. The obtained results make it possible to determine the symbols and archetypes of the space of the Mari folklore genres.
The most common types of space in the analyzed texts consist of 55,7 % of geographical objects and are marked by the following lexemes: ponds and their parts, housing, earth, sky. They have symbolic meanings containing Mari ethnic religious and mythological view of the universe.

Acknowledgments: The article is prepared within the research project No. 18-412-120005р_а finded by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research.

Key words: Mari verbal charms; folklore genre; space types; physical space; ethnic space perception; semantic analysis; factor and statistical types of analysis; symbol.

For citation: Glukhova NN. Types of space in Mari verbal charms. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 34–46. (In Russian)

Nadezda S. Bratchikova,
Doctor of Philology, Professor, Department of Finno-Ugric Philology,
Lomonosov Moscow State University
(Moscow, Russia), n.bratchikova@mail.ru

The genesis of the old Finnish language (1560-1640) is unique due to two historical reasons: first, the literature of this period was religious; secondly, religious and literary languages represented a single entity.
The material of the study was the texts of the period of Catholicism and early Lutheranism (1560-1640). The author employed the analysis of semantic models, rhetorical devices, language structures (helped to identify the peculiarities of the formation of the old Finnish language and the reasons for the growth of its influence on the audience), content analysis of texts (allowed to trace the stages of transition in the church service from Latin and German to Finnish) were used. Comparison of folk texts with the translated ones revealed their common features (repetitions at the level of phrase and alliteration).
The development of Old Finnish language was decelerated by the excessive use of the Latin language. However, by the middle of the 16th century, the external and internal political situations in Finland were in favour of using the Finnish language as an instrument of religious authority and a means of cultural influence on society.
The written literature of Finland in the studied period was of a translatable state. The translated literature was pivotal in the formation and development of verbal art. Educated people (Justen, Finno, Hemminki from Mask, Sorolainen and L. Petri) made a vast contribution to the written language. Due to them, it was enriched with various forms of dialects and a greater lexicon.

Key words: the history of Finnish language; translated literature; prayers; means of influencing on the audience; linguistic and stylistic methods.

For citation: Bratchikova NS. Old Finnish language and written Finnish literature in 1560–1640. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 4: 14–33. (In Russian)

Elvira M. Kolcheva,
Candidate Sc. {Arts}, Associate Professor,
Department of Monumental and Decorative Art, Painting and Art History,
Kazan State Institute of Culture,
Department of Social and Cultural Technologies,
Mari State University
(Yoshkar-Ola, Russia), elviramk@mail.ru

Despite the official Soviet national policy, the professional art of the USSR peoples developed as a form of artistic reflection of ethnoculture about itself. The author of the article studies this process on the basis of the previously developed structural-archetypal model of the ethno-cultural space of the Mari people.
The article contains the analysis of the artistic representations of the cultural field/meadow archetype on the material of fine art of the 1950s-1980s. The archetype is represented by iconographic types of “Collective Farm Fields of an Epic Scale”, “Harvest”, “Pastures”, “Blossoming Meadows”.
A field, in the style of socialist realism, as a rule, is depicted as a space for heroic deeds, the greatness of the Soviet Motherland and the authorities arranging for the “battle for the harvest”. They glorify the collective farm system seen as a source of abundance and fertility. The masters of the “severe style” introduce the sign-symbolic principle in the image of the field, the artists having already gone beyond the ideological constraints while paving the way for non-romantic trends in the national art. Since the 1970s, the theme of the fields is lyrically approached by the national neoromantic artists who relieve the heroic pathos of socialist realism. The idea of man’s subjugation of nature gave way to the harmonious unity of beingness. The image of the fertile field in the pictures of the national artists was replaced by the images of meadows, pastures and forest glades.
The semantics of the field archetype in the last decade of the Soviet era reveals the meaning of emptiness, loneliness and non-existence, often in combination with the image of a dry tree or a felled grove. It was the way to express feelings about the ongoing assimilation of the nation, about the loss of cultural memory. The evolution of artistic representations of the meadow/field archetype in the period under investigation has shown the failure of an attempt to substitute the traditional perception of nature for the ideaologemes of socialist realism.

Key words: Mari fine art; cultural archetype of the field/meadows; socialist realism; national neo-romanticism.

Acknowledgments: The article was prepared as part of a research project of the RGNF № 15-14-12001 “Ethnocultural space of the Mari people in the fine art of the Mari Territory of the 1950s–1980s”.

For citation: Kolcheva EM. Landscape field/meadow archetype in the Mari art of the 1950s–1980s. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 3: 120–125. (In Russian)

Nikolai I. Boiarkin,
Doctor of Art History, Professor, Leading Research Fellow,
Interregional Research Center for Finno-Ugric Studies,
Ogarev Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia), bojarkin_ni@mail.ru

October 16, 2018 is the 75th anniversary of the birth of an outstanding ethnomusicologist and folklorist, Doctor of Art History, professor M. A. Lobanov. His life and work are the examples of selfless devotion and service to science. The name of the scholar is inseparable from the processes of the development of musicology and folklore of the last decades. Lobanov contributed to the formation of new areas of research in ethnomuscology and exact academic research base, laid the conceptual basis for the study of genre and types of folklore style discovered by him, created an academic and pedagogical school in the field of studying archaic forms of traditional music and inter-ethnic interrelations. His numerous works, fundamental multi-volume works on bibliography, systematics of tunes, indexes have enriched modern science, laid solid foundations for future research in the field of theory and history of ethno-musicology.
The materials of the study were the works of the scholar, personal impressions obtained during many years of communication with him, as well as the articles published in encyclopedias, journals and newsletters. The work uses the principles of historical analysis and generalization.
The article gives a brief description of the activities of the scholar; analyses his fundamental works in the field of musical Slavic and Finno-Ugric Studies, and inter-ethnic folklore connections.
It defines the significance of Lobanov’s works for the subsequent development of national and international ethnomuscology.

Key words: M. A. Lobanov; tape recording; inter-ethnic relationships; method; notation; song; field studies; polyphony; reading; Slavistics; Finno-Ugric Studies; folklore; ethnomusicology.

For citation: Boiarkin NI. Mikhail Aleksandrovich Lobanov: serving the science. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 3: 106–119. (In Russian)

Sergei N. Zetkin,
MA student, Philology Department,
Ogarev Mordovia State University
(Saransk, Russia) serzet@mail.ru

The article analyses the content of orthodox mass-media in cultural and information media of the Republic of Mordovia. The aim of the work is the classification, the allocation of thematic areas and the clarification of the value of the Orthodox media.
As a basis for the study, the article analyses various types of Orthodox journalism publications from the late 1990s until now. When working on the materials, the author used modern methodology. While working with theoretical and factual material, the author’s position was defined by axiological and sociocultural approaches, which allow to study the problem considering value and social determinants.
The specific features of Orthodox journalism of the Republic of Mordovia are multiple genres and multiple thematic coverage. At the same time, the Orthodox media are characterized by a short history, small number, active position of print and Internet publications in contrast with television and radio programs. The available Orthodox media are divided into official and unofficial, print and electronic publications, as well as highly specialized, specialized and unspecialized.
Developing in line with the all-Russian tendencies, the Orthodox media environment of the Republic of Mordovia serves as a channel for the transmission of spiritual values.

Key words: interlocutor; cultural and information media; Orthodox Mass-media; regional Mass-media; regional culture.

For citation: Zetkin SN. Orthodox Mass-media in cultural and information media of the Republic of Mordovia. Finno-ugorskii mir = Finno-Ugric World. 2018; 3: 95–105. (In Russian)